lower criticism การใช้

• The first four are known as higher criticism; the fifth, lower criticism; and, together, external criticism.
• In 18th century Biblical criticism, the term " higher criticism " was commonly used in mainstream scholarship in contrast with " lower criticism ".
• In the 21st century, historical criticism is the more commonly used term for higher criticism, while textual criticism is more common than the loose expression " lower criticism ".
• Being specialized in lower criticism does not mean that he wouldn't write books and articles of higher criticism . talk ) 23 : 17, 29 October 2015 ( UTC)
• The phrase " lower criticism " is used to describe the contrast between textual criticism and " higher criticism ", which is the endeavor to establish the authorship, date, and place of composition of the original text.
• Beginning with Samuel David Luzzatto in the nineteenth century, there has been an approach to understanding the Torah that finds statements in classical Jewish commentaries on the Bible that would allow acceptance of revelation, and still use Lower Criticism.
• In the 19th century it was divided between the higher criticism, the study of the composition and history of biblical texts, and lower criticism, the close examination of the text to establish their original or " correct " readings.
• Astruc's methods were adopted by German scholars such as Johann Gottfried Eichhorn ( 1752 1827 ) and Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette ( 1780 1849 ) in a movement which became known as the higher criticism ( to distinguish it from the far longer-established close examination and comparison of individual manuscripts, called the lower criticism ); this school reached its apogee with the influential synthesis of Julius Wellhausen ( 1844 1918 ) in the 1870s, at which point it seemed to many that the Bible had at last been fully explained as a human document.